Hyper-Bron

Field Thyme (Thymus serpyllum) is a perennial herbaceous species found in mountainous areas, where it grows in alpine meadows and pastures, clearings, and forest edges, presenting pink-violet, purple, and more rarely, white inflorescences. The species is native to Europe and North Africa and is widely spread in our country. It is an aromatic medicinal plant that, in the past, was associated with the idea of courage and bravery and traditionally used to alleviate symptoms of viral infections, digestive problems, clean superficial wounds, or regulate the menstrual cycle. According to modern phytotherapy, Thyme helps improve digestion by stimulating gastric and intestinal functions. Additionally, the large amount of volatile oil (1-2.5%) contained in this plant helps soothe discomfort in the respiratory tract, reduce inflammation, and increase local immunity. Thyme-based products protect against viruses, bacteria, and fungi (e.g., Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus species, Saprolegnia and Zygorhynchus; Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, etc.).

Moreover, the active compounds (e.g., volatile oil – borneol, cineole, thymol, cymol, carvacrol, terpineol, apigenin, myrcene, α-pinene, β-caryophyllene, β-bisabolene, limonene, geraniol, citral; flavonoids, polyphenolcarboxylic acids – ursolic acid, caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid; tannins, bitter principles, serpilin, salts of malic acid, mineral salts, etc.) in Thyme contribute to toning the nervous system, stimulating blood circulation, calming muscle spasms and menstrual cramps, and soothing skin irritations. In short, among the virtues of Thyme derivatives are their anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, decongestant, antitussive, expectorant, secretolytic, analgesic, antispasmodic, digestive, antipyretic, emmenagogue, vermifuge, nervous tonic, and diuretic actions.

Icelandic Moss (Cetraria islandica), also known as Curly Moss, Mountain Moss, or Rock Moss, is a species of lichen from the Parmeliaceae family (the largest family of fungi that form lichens, comprising over 2,700 species in 71 genera). Due to its “bushy” appearance and small size (vertical growth of 8-10 cm), it has often been likened to moss. Its color can vary from shades of brownish-brown to fresh green or even grayish-white, with a lighter-colored underside and sometimes small white spots. The vegetative organ of lichens is called the “thallus.” In the case of Icelandic Moss, it is represented by flat or tubular lobes with lobed edges. Its taste is somewhat bitter, with a mucilaginous texture. In our country, this species can be found growing spontaneously on rocks in alpine areas, on exposed plateaus to strong winds, among shrubs, and in dry places.

In the past, Icelandic Moss was a common ingredient in traditional culinary preparations (e.g., soups, porridges, bread) in Iceland. Due to its high content of specific carbohydrates, which, through hydrolysis, split into mannose, galactose, and glucose, this species of lichen was used in Nordic countries to obtain sugar or as animal feed (e.g., for reindeer). Also, because of its rich content in polysaccharides or mucilage, Icelandic Moss is increasingly studied today, as these compounds have strong anti-inflammatory properties and are over 70% soluble in hot water. One such compound is lichenin, also known as lichenan or lichen starch, a complex β-glucan that occurs only in certain species of lichens and was identified as early as 1956. Besides polysaccharides, the thalli contain bitter principles such as cetraric acid or cetrarin, responsible for most of the cholecystokinetic and gastro-pancreatic secretion-stimulating effects. It is important to note that these effects are obtained only by experiencing the bitter taste! Thus, by stimulating the receptors for the bitter taste, an automatic bodily reaction increases salivary secretion and that of internal glands.

Most often, modern phytotherapy recommends Icelandic Moss-based products as adjuvants in soothing inflammations of the upper respiratory tract. Extracts from this species are found in numerous phytotherapeutic products such as antitussive preparations, throat soothing products, laxatives, or tonics. Moreover, Icelandic Moss is recommended as an excellent gastric and intestinal bandage. Preparations from this plant have proven effective in combating Helicobacter pylori and inhibiting the Koch bacillus due to the bacteriostatic action provided by usnic acid and evozin. Similarly, these are good tonics for the autonomic nervous system and vasomotor system and speed up the body’s recovery during convalescence. The high content of polysaccharides and lactones (especially aliphatic lactone) gives Icelandic Mossantitumor properties, thus supporting the correct division of cells. Lastly, through its beneficial action on the upper respiratory tract, preparations obtained from Icelandic Moss thalli are useful in calming episodes of whooping cough, non-productive cough, asthma, and respiratory allergies.

In conclusion, the extract of Icelandic Moss is recognized for its anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties on the respiratory tract. It is recommended for soothing coughs, hoarseness, throat pain, and easing expectoration. Additionally, the active compounds (e.g., mucilage, polysaccharides, lichen acids – cetraric, protocetraric, protolichesterinic, fumaric, δ,1-usnic; volatile oil, galactomannans, lichenin, friedelin, evozin, aliphatic lactone, modified chlorophyll/taloclor, lipids, bitter principles, vitamins – A, B1 and minerals – iodine, etc.) from this species’ thalli also contribute to limiting inflammatory processes in the body, modulating the immune response, maintaining normal cell division, and destroying abnormal cells, stimulating gastro-pancreatic secretions, soothing gastrointestinal mucous membranes, stimulating bile evacuation, and toning the autonomic and vasomotor nervous systems. In short, among the virtues of Icelandic Moss derivatives are its cytotoxic, antiproliferative, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antitussive, emollient, anti-asthmatic, cholagogue, stomachic, nervous tonic, antiviral (especially against HIV and Helicobacter pylori), bacteriostatic (e.g., in the case of Koch’s bacillus), and mild laxative actions.

Plantain (Plantago major) is a perennial herb from the Plantaginaceae family, reaching heights of 5-50 cm with yellow-brown flowers. Known since antiquity, the Dacians called it “spioox” or “spioac” and used it internally to soothe irritated throats and stomach pain, while externally it was applied to wounds or boils to stop bleeding and speed up their healing. Similar to other related species of Plantain (P. lanceolata and P. media), P. major has the same uses both in traditional and modern medicine. Therefore, Plantain is one of the most well-known medicinal plants, being present in the pharmacopoeias of many countries. Its leaves are successfully used in both human and veterinary medicine. Products derived from this plant are particularly effective in soothing inflammatory conditions of the respiratory tract, contributing to the maintenance of oral and pharyngeal mucosa health, and soothing coughs. Additionally, Plantain extract helps maintain digestive health and has hemostatic properties due to its vitamin K content and astringentproperties thanks to its tannins. Thus, the iridoid glycosides it contains, such as aucubin, help liquefy pharyngo-bronchial secretions and facilitate expectoration. Moreover, Plantain regulates slow intestinal transit through the mild laxative action of its mucilage, polysaccharides, and iridoid glycosides but is also beneficial in cases of diarrhea as it precipitates proteins in the intestinal contents, has bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties due to aucubigenin, and contains tannins with astringent and antibacterial actions. Plantain’s antibacterial properties also have effects at the uro-renal level, protecting the kidneys and lower urinary tract from infections. Lastly, Plantain extract has diureticproperties, slightly lowering blood pressure, increasing urine volume, and promoting the elimination of urea, chlorides, and uric acid from the body. Used externally, Plantain leaves are wound-healing, antipruritic, mildly analgesic, emollient, and disinfectant, stimulating the natural mechanism of skin regeneration and activating peripheral circulation.

In conclusion, Plantain extract is recognized for its protective and regenerative properties on the upper respiratory tract. It is recommended for soothing coughs, hoarseness, throat pain, and easing expectoration. Additionally, the active compounds (e.g., phenylpropanoid and iridoid glycosides – aucubin, rinantin, catalpol; mucilage – polysaccharides, pectin; tannins, saponins, phytoncides, allantoin, phenolcarboxylic acids – ferulic, syringic, vanillic, coumaric, hydroxybenzoic, gentisic, chlorogenic, neochlorogenic, protocatechuic, caffeic, ursolic, hydroxyphenylacetic, silicic acid; flavonoids, minerals – zinc, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, iron, manganese, zinc, boron, copper, and vitamins – A, C, K, etc.) from this species’ leaves also contribute to maintaining urinary tract health, strengthening local immunity, blood fluidization, cholesterol normalization, and blood pressure regulation, combating urinary infections and maintaining kidney health, improving digestion, and restoring digestive mucosa in the stomach and intestines, regulating intestinal transit, and limiting inflammatory processes in the body. Thus, among the virtues of Plantain extract are its expectorant, antitussive, antispasmodic (in the bronchi), antiseptic, astringent, emollient, mucosal-soothing, wound-healing, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiarrheal, stomachic, mildly laxative, antipyretic, depurative, and diuretic actions. Externally, Plantain derivatives have antiseptic, astringent, emollient, wound-healing, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects.

Pine (Pinus sylvestris), also known as Scots Pine or Mountain Pine, is a resinous, evergreen coniferous tree belonging to the Pinaceae family (which also includes Fir, Spruce, Cedar, and Larch). Originating from the Eurasian region, it can be found growing spontaneously from lowland regions up to the alpine region (1,000-2,600 m), being one of the species with vast stretches, covering about 3.7% of the forested surface of the Earth. It prefers poor, sandy soils, growing spontaneously on forest edges, in clearings, or in sunny spots. Pine has numerous uses, being valued for its wood (used in construction, furniture, textiles, etc.), resin (from which colophony and turpentine are obtained), certain traditions (Christmas tree), and the essential oil extracted from its needles (and sometimes from cones or young branches). This oil is obtained by steam distillation and is rich in compounds such as α-pinene, α-terpineol, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, 3-carene, β-phellandrene, α-terpinen, borneol, bornyl acetate, β-caryophyllene, δ-cadinene, or γ-muurolene. These compounds give it a strong, woody, fresh scent, similar to that of Fir, and antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, anthelmintic, and antiviral properties. Due to its usefulness, Pine has been recognized since antiquity, being mentioned in the works of Virgil and valued by our Geto-Dacian ancestors. Resin, leaves, buds, and Pix liquida (distillate from wood) have recognized healing potential. In the past, resin was mixed with lard and used for swelling. It was also used as an ingredient in compresses or poultices applied to painful areas. For rheumatic pains, Pine infusion was used, as well as for soothing the respiratory tract, improving sleep, and relaxing the central nervous system.

In modern phytotherapy, preparations based on Pine leaves, resin, or buds are recommended for maintaining respiratory health due to their anti-inflammatory, antitussive, expectorant, and antiseptic properties. According to specialized literature, Pine buds are most often used to make infusions and Pine syrup, a delicious alternative to Fir syrup. Due to the high concentration of essential oil in Pine Bud derivatives, they help soothe discomfort in the respiratory tract, reduce inflammation, and increase local immunity. Regarding the composition of the volatile oil, it is rich in 3-carene, pinene, phellandrene, limonene, and other compounds with strong antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal effects. For example, pinene is a highly bioavailable bronchodilator, as well as a good anti-inflammatory, a broad-spectrum natural antibiotic, and even a memory adjuvant by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. Limonene gives Pine budsproperties that soothe the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux and heartburn (pyrosis). Indirectly, by protecting the urinary system, Pine supports cardiovascular functions and normalizes blood pressure. It helps fight intestinal parasitesand supports the detoxification of the body by eliminating metabolic toxins and excess water from tissues via the urinary system, acting on the renal epithelium and increasing the amount of urine eliminated over time. Additionally, Pinehelps reduce nervous excitability, having an antineurotic action, and supports vitaminization (through its vitamin Ccontent) and mineralization. Externally, Pine-based preparations disinfect and cleanse sensitive skin, help reduce allergic reactions, fight dandruff, acne, cellulite, and oral infections, and protect against cavities, bacterial plaque, and gingival inflammation.

In conclusion, Pine Bud extract, similar to Fir Bud extract, helps disinfect, soothe, and decongest the respiratory tract by stimulating expectoration and calming cough episodes by influencing the tone of smooth muscles and reducing spasms in the respiratory tract. Moreover, the active compounds (e.g., volatile oil – α-pinene, α-terpineol, camphene, β-pinene, myrcene, β-phellandrene, α-terpinen, borneol, bornyl acetate, β-caryophyllene, δ-cadinene, 3-carene, limonene, γ-muurolene; resins, sesquiterpenes, phenolic heterosides, tannins, aldehydes – anisic, caproic; pinitol, bitter principles – pinipicrozide; flavones, organic acids, vitamin C, and mineral salts) from Pine Buds also contribute to calming the central nervous system, protecting against viruses, bacteria, and fungi, supporting kidney function by removing metabolic toxins and excess water from the body through urine, and fighting pathogenic organisms. In short, among the virtues of Pine derivatives are their antiseptic, antitussive, expectorant, secretolytic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, nervous system-soothing, anthelmintic, antirheumatic, detoxifying, and diuretic actions. Externally, they contribute to soothing sore throats, rinsing the oral cavity, skincare, and scalp care due to their anti-inflammatory, disinfectant, antipruritic, mildly rubefacient, and antiparasitic properties.

Sage (Salvia officinalis) is a perennial subshrub that produces small blue-violet flowers and is part of the Lamiaceae/Labiatae family. Highly appreciated, this species is cultivated for its medicinal, aromatic, and ornamental properties. Most likely, the plant got its name from the Latin “salvare” (to save), indicating the special importance the Romans placed on this species for its healing properties. The Romans were not the only ones who recognized Sage’s virtues, as it was well-known and appreciated by the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Dacians, and Chinese, who considered it a panacea. Thus, we see that Sage has proven its usefulness and has been used since ancient times, which is why it is one of the reference plants in modern phytotherapy today. Derivatives from the leaves of this plant are recommended for optimizing digestion by stimulating liver and biliary functions, soothing gastric and intestinal mucosa, and aiding in the elimination of gas. Additionally, Sage-based preparations are complementary in combating hot flashes and night sweats, especially when combined with Lavender. Sage also helps calm the nervous system, improve memory, and rebalance the endocrine system due to its phytoestrogen content. It enhances the body’s resistance to stress and tones it, thanks to its rich content of vitamins and minerals.

In short, Sage extract helps balance hormonal levels, with increased efficiency in reducing excessive night sweats. Additionally, the active compounds (e.g., essential oil with terpenic hydrocarbons: pinene, camphene, myrcene, terpinen, limonene, ocimene, alloocimene, cymene, terpinolene, thujene, thujan, tricylene, cubebene, copaene, bourbonene, guaiene, caryophyllene, isocaryophyllene, maalian, aromadendrene, alloaromadendrene, humulene, cadinene, calamenene, sitosterol, stigmasterol; oxygenated compounds: borneol, terpineol, linalool, sabinol, viridifloral, caryophyllene oxide, thujone, camphor, acetic aldehyde, isovalerianic aldehyde, bornyl acetate, linalyl acetate, sabinol acetate, methyl isovalerate, paraffin compounds, flavones – free or glycosylated derivatives of luteolin and apigenin; tannins – which, during drying, transform into phlobaphenes; enzymes: phenolases, peroxidases, oxidoreductases, bicyclic-monoterpenol-dehydrogenase; organic acids: rosmarinic, caffeic, chlorogenic, p-coumaric, ferulic, fumaric, glycolic, glyceric; resin, lipids, carbohydrates, saponin, vitamins: B-complex, vitamin C, and mineral substances with potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, iron, manganese, zinc, boron, molybdenum) from the leaves of this species also contribute to bile secretion and evacuation, strengthening immunity, blood fluidization, normalizing blood sugar levels, combating oxidative stress, and limiting inflammatory processes in the body. Thus, among the virtues of Sage derivatives are their antisudorific, antioxidant, digestive, cholecystokinetic, bitter tonic, phytoestrogenic, stomachic, emmenagogue, antispasmodic, carminative, antigalactogenic, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, and diuretic actions.

Blue Eryngo (Eryngium planum), known as Flat Sea Holly, Blue Thistle, or Spin-vânăt, is a perennial herbaceous plant from the Apiaceae/Umbelliferae family (which includes celery, carrots, or parsnip). The species is widespread throughout Central and Southeast Europe and Central Asia. In Romania, the plant can be found abundantly in the wild, in sunny spots such as uncultivated lands, well-drained or sandy soils, meadows, pastures, and especially areas influenced by human activity (e.g., along roadsides and railways). Due to the pleasant color of its flowers, the plant attracts butterflies and is often cultivated for ornamental purposes in gardens. Blue Eryngo is valuable not only for its aesthetic value but also for therapeutic purposes, having been used since antiquity. The name Eryngium was given to it by the “father of botany,” the learned Greek Theophrastus. In European Traditional Medicine, the plant is recognized for its diuretic, bitter tonic, and digestive properties.

On the territory of our country, the Dacian people empirically used Blue Eryngo infusions and decoctions to relieve whooping cough, dental issues (caries, periodontitis), and to eliminate water retention from the body. It was also used externally (baths, poultices) to reduce joint pain, combat infections, and dermatoses.

Today, Blue Eryngo is the most widely used species of the Eryngium genus in Romania (among the three existing species), and its aerial parts are used to thin and eliminate bronchial secretions. Additionally, the plant’s mucilage content gives it emollient and anti-inflammatory properties, which are particularly effective in soothing coughs and irritations of the upper respiratory tract. Modern research on Eryngium planum has revealed its exceptional antifungal properties and moderate antibacterial properties, especially in hydroalcoholic extracts. A study conducted by Romanian researchers from Cluj and Arad demonstrated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of a mixed extract from Blue Eryngo and a related species (Eryngium campestre). The extract had a positive impact on experimentally induced periodontitis in laboratory mice, reducing the number of leukocytic infiltrations. Furthermore, in vitro studies have revealed a musculotropic antispasmodic mechanism in Blue Eryngo extract.

Interestingly, a long-term study conducted on mice treated with scopolamine showed that, following prolonged treatment with Blue Eryngo extract, both the scopolamine-injected mice and the control group exhibited significant memory improvements, particularly in the frontal cortex, suggesting a potential efficacy of this plant in alleviating neurodegenerative disorders. Additionally, increasing studies (including human trials) are being conducted to confirm the beneficial effects of Blue Eryngo in various conditions such as dental issues (caries, inflamed gums, bad breath), asthma, rheumatic problems, urinary infections, prostate issues, difficulty urinating, kidney stones, and other renal conditions, dermatitis, and digestive issues.

At the core of all these beneficial effects are the numerous active compounds contained in the aerial parts of the plant. These include saponosides (saniculagenol A, eryngiumgenol A, B, C, and D, ringinol A), mucilage, bitter principles(tannins), resins, flavonoids (kaempferol and quercetol heterosides), polyphenolcarboxylic acids (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid), sesquiterpenes, coumarins, phytosterols, carbohydrates, and essential oils(monoterpenes: α- and β-pinene, limonene). The triterpenic saponins and flavones are responsible for the plant’s antitussive, expectorant, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, depurative, and sudorific (promotes sweating) properties.

In conclusion, Blue Eryngo extract is particularly useful for maintaining the proper functioning of the upper respiratory tract. In short, it serves as an adjuvant in calming dry or productive coughs, facilitating expectoration, and strengthening the local immunity of the upper respiratory tract. Thus, the virtues of Blue Eryngo derivatives include expectorant, antitussive, antispasmodic (in the bronchi), antibacterial, strong antifungal, astringent, emollient, soothing, wound-healing, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiarrheal, stomachic, sudorific, depurative, and diureticactions. Used externally, Blue Eryngo has antiseptic, antifungal, astringent, emollient, wound-healing, and anti-inflammatory properties.

Elderflower (Sambucus nigra) is a complex of shrub species from the Adoxaceae family. Although it is a poisonous species for mammals, Black Elder is used in food, as a medicinal plant, and as an ornamental plant for over 4,000 years. For humans, the flowers and ripe (or processed) fruits are not poisonous, but other parts of the plant (leaves, bark, seeds) are toxic due to their content of sambunigrin (a cyanogenic glycoside) or calcium oxalate crystals (especially in the bark). With countless phytotherapeutic uses, from alleviating asthma and allergy symptoms to stimulating intestinal peristalsis, this shrub is mentioned in numerous reference works. Most often, preparations made from the flowers or fruits are used, although there are also mentions of using the leaves or bark in the treatment of skin conditions.

Elderflower preparations are recommended for soothing symptoms associated with viral infections and respiratory infections, such as cough, fever, or throat discomfort, and for boosting immunity. They are also suggested for supporting the body’s detoxification processes, particularly through sweating, and for eliminating water retention and uric acid through the urinary system. Due to their laxative, diuretic, and detoxifying effects, elderflower products are increasingly used in weight management, supporting healthy weight loss alongside exercise, dietary adjustments, and a balanced lifestyle.

In conclusion, Elderflower helps maintain the health of the renal system by reducing inflammation and promoting the elimination of excess water and uric acid. Similarly, it supports the proper functioning of the respiratory system by soothing irritations and stimulating expectoration. Additionally, the active compounds (e.g., tannins, polyphenols, glycosides, saponosides, mucilage, volatile oil, rutin, ethyl-, isobutyl-, and isoamyl-amines, organic acids, vitamin C, mineral salts) in elderflowers contribute to detoxifying the body, have a mild laxative and diaphoretic effect, and show antiseptic action. In short, the virtues of elderflower products include diuretic, depurative, diaphoretic, anti-inflammatory, astringent, antiseptic, galactagogue, laxative, and immunomodulatory actions.

Wild Pansy (Viola tricolor), also known as Field Pansy, Heartsease, or Johnny Jump-Up, is a perennial herbaceous species from the Violaceae family (which includes pansies and violets). It is native to the temperate regions of Eurasia and is characterized by its beautiful flowers with petals of various colors: white, purple, blue, or yellow. Interestingly, garden pansies are derived from the Wild Pansy, which is edible and can be used in salads, having antioxidant properties.

Rich in Greek and Roman mythology and with a long tradition as a medicinal plant, Wild Pansy is particularly useful in soothing allergic episodes, detoxifying the body, and eliminating excess water and uric acid from the body. Thanks to the flavonoids it contains, preparations made from this species have a protective action on the cardiovascular system. Additionally, its significant content of polypeptides with cytotoxic action makes it an important adjuvant in combating issues related to uncontrolled cell division. The numerous carotenoids present in these delicate flowers play a role in protecting vision, especially night vision, due to their antioxidant properties. Moreover, Wild Pansy has beneficial effects in epileptic episodes, soothes the throat, aids in breathing, supports digestive comfort, and regulates intestinal motility. Externally, Wild Pansy-based preparations disinfect and help cleanse oily skin and soothe irritated skin. They are indicated for treating acne, atopic dermatitis, eczema, and urticaria.

In conclusion, Wild Pansy extract helps modulate the immune response and supports normal cell division. Additionally, the active compounds (e.g., salicylic acid, cyclotide peptides, flavonoids – quercetin, rutin, luteolin; mucilage – glucose, arabinose, rhamnose; phenolcarboxylic acids – caffeic, coumaric; carotenoids – violaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, β-carotene, antheraxanthin; tannins, coumarins, anthocyanidins, apigenin, kaempferol, saponins, etc.) from Wild Pansy contribute to reducing rheumatic pain, maintaining the health of the respiratory and renal systems, detoxifying the body, and combating inflammatory processes. In short, the virtues of Wild Pansy derivativesinclude immunomodulatory, antiallergic, depurative, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, emollient, cytostatic, diaphoretic, mild laxative, and diuretic actions.

Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) is a perennial herbaceous species from the Urticaceae family with a wide range of uses in the medical, cosmetic, and culinary fields, being appreciated since antiquity for its versatility. Traditionally used in spring detox treatments to “clean the blood,” Nettle is an excellent antianemic due to its hematopoietic properties(stimulating the synthesis of red blood cells), high iron content, B-complex vitamins (folic acid, B2, B5), and protoporphyrins. Moreover, Nettle preparations have a hemostatic effect (due to their vitamin K and tanninscontent), which can limit internal hemorrhages that may lead to anemia over time. Of course, its blood-cleansing effectis also supported by its diuretic and depurative properties, making it a natural option for detoxifying the body of chemicals and heavy metals, eliminating uric acid and excess water from the body. Thus, Nettle is also useful in maintaining the health of the kidneys and urinary tract, being a good adjuvant in the case of kidney stones and water retention associated with premenstrual syndrome. Additionally, nettles are considered beneficial in alleviating nocturnal enuresis (nighttime incontinence).

A spring Nettle-based detox is also welcomed for the plant’s antiallergic and anti-asthmatic properties. Regular consumption of these products during the allergy season, combined with extracts of Wild Pansy or Birch leaves, can reduce the intensity of the immune system’s reaction to various allergens, thanks to the plant’s content of natural antihistamines. Nettle is also traditionally combined with Sea Buckthorn berries in spring and autumn detoxes to strengthen the body by vitaminizing and remineralizing it. Scientific studies have shown that, due to its content of phytosterols, Nettle is an excellent protector of prostate health. The sterols in Nettle leaves inhibit the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone, a hormone that can cause prostate issues. Additionally, phytosterols help maintain the health of the cardiovascular system by reducing cholesterol and triglycerides. Besides phytosterols, nettles also contain lectins – compounds with anti-inflammatory properties that seem to play a role in improving joint problems. Lectins may also have antiviral and bacteriostatic properties, with recent studies showing that they can inhibit the proliferation of pathogens such as Staphylococcus, Shigella, or Pasteurella. Another quality of Nettle extracts is their ability to stimulate insulin secretion in the pancreas, making them mildly hypoglycemic. Additionally, they are galactagogues, stimulating milk production.

In conclusion, Nettle extract helps maintain the health of the renal system through its antiseptic action and by promoting the elimination of excess water and uric acid. It also supports the proper functioning of the immune systemby modulating the immune response and reducing the inflammatory status in the body. Furthermore, the active compounds (e.g., tannins, flavonoids – quercetin, chlorophyll, rutin, phytosterols, acetylcholine, serotonin precursors, essential oils, vitamins – A, B2, B5, B9, C, K, mineral salts – calcium, magnesium, silicon, volatile oils) in Nettle leaves contribute to detoxifying the body, have an antiseptic, galactagogue, hemostatic, and mildly hypoglycemiceffect. In short, the virtues of Nettle extract include diuretic, depurative, hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, mildly hypoglycemic, antiseptic, mineralizing, and immunomodulatory actions.

Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) is a perennial herbaceous plant from the Asteraceae/Compositae family. It is native to the temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere (Europe, Asia, North America), but it has been introduced in Australia and New Zealand as a forage plant to combat mineral deficiencies in ruminants. Yarrow has been known and used since ancient times, mentioned in the writings of Dioscorides. It is also important in Ayurvedic medicine, where it is used for its carminative and diaphoretic properties. Yarrow was also highly valued by Native American peoples, who used it as an analgesic, to increase cold resistance, improve sleep, lower fever, and treat burns, among many other uses. In Romania, this species was mentioned as a phytotherapeutic plant in 1863, but its use can be traced back to the Dacian period, from which many of the species’ uses seem to have been inherited.

In modern phytotherapy, Yarrow is recognized for its numerous applications, particularly due to its significant content of azulenes, asparagine, choline, α- and β-pinene, caryophyllene, sesquiterpene lactones (found in the dark blue essential oil), flavonoids, vitamins, minerals, phytosterols, and phytoestrogens (apigenin and luteolin).

In conclusion, Yarrow extract supports digestion, relieves abdominal discomfort, regulates appetite, supports liver and gallbladder functions. Additionally, the active compounds (e.g., essential oil – sesquiterpenes – achillein, azulenes, cineole, limonene, caryophyllene, camphene, borneol, pinene, flavones, bitter principles, tannins, phytosterols, choline, phytoestrogens – apigenin, luteolin; organic acids – achilleic, valerianic, formic, acetic, aconitic, ascorbic, folic, caffeic, salicylic, stearic, myristic, oleic, linoleic, succinic; sugars – sucrose, maltose, glucose, arabinose, galactose, dextrins; resins, vitamins – C, B-complex, minerals – calcium, manganese, copper, zinc, iron, nickel, silicon, cadmium) from the flowers, leaves, and stems of this species also contribute to maintaining respiratory health, strengthening immunity, lowering blood sugar levels, combating urinary infections, and maintaining kidney health. They also help alleviate discomfort associated with the menstrual cycle or menopausal period, combat oxidative stress, and limit inflammatory processes in the body. Thus, the virtues of Yarrow extract include digestive, stomachic, depurative, phytoestrogenic, hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic, liver-detoxifying, venotonic, cholecystokinetic, calming, astringent, vermifuge, hemostatic, antispasmodic, diuretic, immunomodulatory, expectorant, and mildly laxative and carminative actions.

Lungwort (Pulmonaria officinalis), also known as Lungwort Herb, Sage of Jerusalem, Jerusalem Cowslip, or Soldier’s Lungwort, is a perennial herbaceous plant from the Boraginaceae family, with a height of 15-30 cm and reddish-violet flowers. It has a thick, horizontal rhizome up to 15 cm long. Found from lowland regions to mountainous areas, Lungwort prefers moist, calcareous, rocky, and nutrient-rich soils and has a wide distribution across the European continent. The plant likely received its name due to its resemblance to a lung (pulmo = lung) and its traditional use in remedies for respiratory protection. Lungwort is a medicinal plant with a long history of use, dating back to the time of the renowned ancient physician Paracelsus. It was also widely used during the Middle Ages, when it was recommended for treating pulmonary, liver, and stomach problems. Due to its high content of anthocyanins, the root of this species was used to dye fabrics black.

Derivatives from Lungwort leaves have emollient and wound-healing properties due to the mucilage, allantoin, and tannins they contain. These are indicated for soothing coughs, liquefying bronchial secretions, and facilitating expectoration. Salicylic acid and vitamin C present in Lungwort help reduce fever and stimulate the activity of sweat glands. Additionally, Lungwort extracts are remineralizing and diuretic due to their calcium and potassium salts. Used externally, Lungwort has astringent, wound-healing, antiseptic, and regenerative properties. It contributes to maintaining the health of epithelial tissue through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions.

In conclusion, Lungwort extract is recognized for its protective and regenerative properties on the respiratory system. It is recommended for soothing coughs, hoarseness, and throat pain, as well as facilitating expectoration. Additionally, the active compounds (e.g., mucilage, allantoin, saponosides, phytosterines, flobaphenes, tannins, resins, polyoses, phenolic derivatives, anthocyanins, organic acids – galacturonic, palmitic, stearic, myristic, salicylic; vitamin C, carotenes, and magnesium salts, etc.) from the flowers, leaves, and stems of this species also contribute to maintaining the health of the urinary tract, strengthening immunity, fluidizing blood, combating urinary infections, maintaining kidney health, improving digestion, and restoring digestive mucosa in the stomach and intestines. Moreover, Lungwort extract combats oxidative stress and limits inflammatory processes in the body. Thus, the virtues of Lungwort derivatives include expectorant, antitussive, antispasmodic (in the bronchi), antiseptic, astringent, emollient, soothing, wound-healing, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiarrheal, stomachic, sudorific, antipyretic, depurative, and diuretic actions. Used externally, Lungwort derivatives have antiseptic, astringent, emollient, wound-healing, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects.

Small-leaved Lime (Tilia cordata), also known as Red Lime, Mountain Lime, or Forest Lime, is a deciduous tree of medium size, indigenous to Europe, capable of reaching an average height of 20-30 meters. Due to the pleasant aroma of its flowers and its decorative, cosmetic, and phytotherapeutic properties, Lime is cultivated and often found in gardensand parks. It is also appreciated for the honey obtained from its flowers, which stands out for its exceptional organoleptic, nutritional, and phytotherapeutic properties. Like many species with phytotherapeutic uses, Lime has been known since ancient times. The species was used in both human and veterinary medicine for various respiratory issues. Traditionally, due to its pleasant aroma, Lime flower tea was used to soothe agitation and induce sleep in young children, indicating the good tolerance and high safety of Lime-based products.

In modern phytotherapy, products made from Lime flowers are recommended for a wide range of problems. They are particularly useful in soothing spasms and mental agitation. The relaxing effect is due to the essential oil found in the flowers, rich in a compound known as farnesol. Farnesol is responsible for the pleasant smell of Lime flowers. The relaxing effect of Lime can also improve sleep quality and alleviate digestive problems, as products made from Lime flowers have the ability to increase the amount of bile secreted by the liver. Due to the mucilage content of Lime flower preparations, they have a soothing and emollient effect on the respiratory tract. Thus, Lime flowers are recommended as an adjuvant in colds, coughs, stomatitis, and inflammation of the respiratory tract, having an anti-inflammatoryand decongestant effect. Moreover, they facilitate expectoration, inhibit the growth of bacteria and viruses, and reduce fever.

Regular consumption of Lime-based products helps detoxify the body through their diaphoretic and diureticproperties, attributed to the flavones they contain. They also contribute to maintaining cardiovascular health through their vasodilatory and hypotensive actions, making them particularly useful for individuals with high blood pressurelinked to neuro-vegetative conditions that worsen during agitation and nervousness. Additionally, due to their phytoestrogen content, Lime flowers have a beneficial effect on female reproductive health. They help regulate the menstrual cycle and reduce headaches and abdominal pain associated with menstruation. Furthermore, modern scientific research indicates the potential utility of Lime derivatives in combating problems related to cell division. This action is attributed to the active substances with antioxidant and antimutagenic properties, such as phenolic compounds.

In conclusion, Small-leaved Lime extract is recognized for its soothing and calming properties, particularly on the nervous system. It is recommended for relieving mental tension, promoting better sleep, and supporting respiratory health through its anti-inflammatory and decongestant effects. Additionally, Lime flower products are excellent for detoxification, support cardiovascular health, and promote hormonal balance. The active compounds (e.g., mucilage, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids, and volatile oils) in Lime flowers also contribute to reducing fever, promoting relaxation, supporting immune system health, and improving circulation. The virtues of Small-leaved Lime include calming, emollient, diaphoretic, antispasmodic, digestive, antiviral, and antibacterial actions.

Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) is a thorny shrub from the Rosaceae family (which also includes roses, apples, pears, cherries). In Europe, this shrub is often used for hedgerows due to its pleasing appearance and vigorous growth. The flowers of this species are white, and its fruits are red. These fruits are edible but have a bland, slightly bitter taste. Therefore, Hawthorn fruits are most often processed into jams, jellies, syrups, or even used to flavor some alcoholic beverages (such as brandy). The fruits, flowers, leaves, and young branches of Hawthorn are used in phytotherapy to maintain the health of the cardiovascular and nervous systems, being rich in numerous active substances (e.g., pectins, phytosterols, anthocyanins, flavonoids, tannins, aromatic amines, volatile oils, choline, vitamins and minerals, carboxylic acids, and triterpenic acids). These are typically prepared as infusions, tinctures, or syrups and are often combined, for a synergistic effect, with other cardioprotective and cardiotonic species, such as Leonurus cardiaca(Motherwort), Valeriana officinalis (Valerian), Viscum album (Mistletoe), or Heracleum spondylium (Bear’s Claw).

Among the most important actions of Hawthorn are its coronarodilatory effect, which ensures increased coronary blood flow and helps regulate blood pressure, followed by its positive inotropic effect, which normalizes myocardial contractions and heartbeat. This results in a strengthened heart muscle and improved blood circulation. These effects are associated with a reduction in palpitations and arrhythmias, decreased risk of embolic events and vascular accidents, relief from chest pain (angina), and alleviation of varicose veins and hemorrhoids. Furthermore, regular use of Hawthorn-based preparations can help balance lipid profiles (lowering cholesterol and triglycerides), calm states of agitation and anxiety, induce relaxation, improve sleep quality, reduce water retention, and eliminate excess uric acid through the urine.

In conclusion, Hawthorn is a powerful tonic and cardiac protector, being recognized in phytotherapy for its numerous heart-protective properties. It enhances cardiovascular function, improves cardiac muscle contraction, and benefits heart rhythm and blood pressure. Regular use of Hawthorn products can help normalize cholesterol and triglycerides, alleviate venous issues (hemorrhoids, varicose veins), soothe nervous agitation, improve sleep, and promote the elimination of excess fluid and uric acid from the body. Active compounds (e.g., pectins, phytosterols, proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, coumarins, catechins, phytosterols, tannins, aromatic amines, purines, volatile oils, choline, organic acids – caffeic, chlorogenic, ascorbic, oxalic, malic; triterpenic acids – oleanolic, ursolic, crataegolic; vitamins – B-complex, C, and minerals) from Hawthorn leaves and flowers contribute to reducing oxidative stress, supporting metabolic health, improving cerebral blood flow, and enhancing brain oxygenation. The virtues of Hawthorn products include antioxidant, tonic, cardioprotective, vasodilatory, anti-arrhythmic, sedative, hypotensive, anti-sclerotic, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, and calming actions on the nervous system.

Cowslip (Primula veris L.; synonym: Primula officinalis Hill), also known as Primrose, Cowslip, Bellflower, Mouse Ear, Bear’s Ear, or Angelina, is a perennial, semi-evergreen medicinal plant from the Primulaceae family (which contains over 950 herbaceous or shrub species, mostly terrestrial, some aquatic, with ornamental or medicinal importance, such as Scarlet Pimpernel, Marsh Marigold, and various varieties of Cyclamen and Primrose). It easily hybridizes with other Primula species, such as Mountain Cowslip (Primula elatior) or Primula vulgaris. The species is native to the Eurasian region, spreading from the hilly areas to the alpine zone. It is most commonly found in open fields, meadows, pastures, sunny slopes, orchards, clearings, or forest edges, where it prefers neutral or basic soils.

In modern phytotherapy, Cowslip derivatives stand out for their antitussive, anti-asthmatic, anti-inflammatory, emollient, astringent, antihemorrhagic, calming, antispasmodic, secretolytic, diaphoretic, and diuretic properties. The biologically active compounds, such as saponins and flavonoids in the flowers of this species, help soothe and regenerate the upper respiratory tract, modulating the inflammatory response triggered by pathogens or allergens, easing expectoration, and relieving coughs, sinus pain, headaches, and toothaches. Specifically, saponins stimulate mucociliary movement, enabling the removal of mucus from the respiratory tract. Often, to enhance its expectorant effect, Cowslip is combined with other species, such as Mallow, Anise, Thyme, or Hyssop. For combating allergies, it pairs well with Elderflower, Gentian root, Vervain, or Wild Pansy. The species is also useful in alleviating the negative effects of emotional stress, with recent studies showing its efficacy in managing anxiety due to its anxiolytic and calming effects on the nervous system. It is also effective in addressing insomnia and migraines that stem from nervous tension. According to specialized literature, derivatives from the Cowslip rhizomes are excellent cardiotonics, protecting the heart and supporting blood circulation due to their salicylate content. Lastly, thanks to the flavonoid content, the plant acts on the renal epithelium, increasing the quantity of urine excreted, aiding in detoxification, and reducing the risk of kidney stone formation. The plant’s detoxifying and fever-reducing effects are also explained by its diaphoretic action (increasing perspiration). When consumed in large doses, the plant may cause nausea, vomiting(emetic effect), or diarrhea.

Used externally, Cowslip preparations help stop bleeding, accelerate wound healing, reduce rheumatic pain, soothe inflammation, alleviate tooth pain, hydrate the oral mucosa, combat fungal infections (especially against Candida albicans), cleanse acne-prone skin, and reduce pore size. Similarly, the plant can be used in vaginal washes to combat leucorrhea, or as a gargle for oral infections. In veterinary medicine, the plant is used externally for local poultices(with decoction or infusion) to treat traumatized areas, and internally for treating lung or kidney ailments, administered orally as an infusion.

In conclusion, Cowslip extract is recognized for its exceptional properties in soothing chronic cough and inflamed respiratory tracts. Additionally, the active compounds (e.g., saponosides – primulin, primulinic acid A; heterosides, flavones, tannins, carotenoids, salicylates, enzymes, volatile oil, vitamins, and mineral salts) from Cowslip flowerscontribute to modulating the immune response, calming allergies, clearing congested nasal passages, easing breathing, reducing spasms, fluidizing bronchial secretions, stimulating expectoration, calming the nervous system, improving sleep quality, reducing fever, alleviating rheumatic pain, and promoting the elimination of toxins through sweat and urine, as well as preventing the formation of kidney stones. Externally, the plant is helpful in stopping bleeding, speeding up healing, treating acne, and relieving rheumatic, headache, and tooth pain. In short, the virtues of Cowslip-based products include antitussive, antispasmodic, secretolytic, bronchial secretion fluidizer, emollient, anti-inflammatory, cardiotonic, antirheumatic, antiallergic, anti-asthmatic, diaphoretic, calming, anxiolytic, analgesic, wound-healing, astringent, antifungal, detoxifying, antiviral, and diuretic actions.

Mullein (Verbascum phlomoides), also known as Great Mullein, White Mullein, Aaron’s Rod, Candlestick Plant, Lamb’s Ear, or Lamb’s Tail, is a biennial or perennial herbaceous plant, known for being a honey plant, part of the Scrophulariaceae family. This species typically grows in sunny, uncultivated, and dry areas, along roadsides, in meadows, pastures, and fallows, being more commonly found in the southern parts of the country. In terms of distribution, the species is mostly found in Central and Southwest Europe. Mullein has been a well-known and used medicinal plant since antiquity, used by our Dacian ancestors to soothe cough episodes. They would boil Mullein flowers in milk. Over time, Mullein has been used both in human and veterinary medicine. The flowers were mainly used, but both the leaves and roots had their uses. For instance, the leaves were effective in relieving stomach pain, and the roots were used for chest pains. In veterinary medicine, Mullein was employed to treat wounds with insect larvae. Additionally, Mullein flowers were successfully used to repel mice and rats.

In modern phytotherapy, Mullein-based preparations are recommended for maintaining the health of the respiratory system, due to their emollient, antitussive, expectorant, and anti-asthmatic properties. According to specialized literature, Mullein-based products are even more effective when combined with Elderflowers or Lemon Balm leaves. The emollient and expectorant action is due to the mucilage and saponosides contained in the flowers of this species. Therefore, Mullein-based products help to liquefy bronchial secretions, easing breathing. They are also recommended for soothing inflammation of mucous membranes, with beneficial effects on the oral cavity, bronchi, trachea, larynx, and pharynx. Additionally, Mullein helps to reduce nervous excitability and supports the body’s detoxification by stimulating the elimination of metabolic toxins and excess water from tissues through sweat and urine. Notably, Mullein is useful in combating viral infections due to its antiviral action against influenza A and B strains and the Herpes simplex virus.

Externally, Mullein-based preparations have emollient, antiseptic, soothing, wound-healing, anti-inflammatory, and antihemorrhoidal properties, being recommended for local washes, rinses, poultices, or compresses. In cosmetics, Mullein is successfully used for hair care, preventing hair loss and stimulating growth, especially recommended for maintaining blonde and oily hair. Additionally, its soothing, antiseptic, and anti-inflammatory properties make it ideal for calming sensitive, irritated skin, and hemorrhoids. For skin care, it is beneficial when combined with extra virgin olive oil. Finally, Mullein infusion is also indicated as an adjuvant for gingivitis, aphthae, and other oral inflammations.

In conclusion, Mullein extract helps protect and support the healthy functioning of the upper respiratory tract. It helps soothe inflammation of the larynx and bronchi and facilitates expectoration. Additionally, the active compounds (e.g., mucilage, resins, tannins, saponosides, iridoids, flavonoids – apigenin, kaempferol, luteolin, rutin; volatile oil, phytosterols, organic acids – caffeic, ferulic, protocatechuic; glycerides of acids – myristic, stearic, palmitic, oleic, linoleic, lignoceric; verbascoside, carotenoids, minerals, etc.) in Mullein flowers contribute to relaxing tissues, reducing inflammatory states, diminishing spasms or involuntary contractions in the bronchi, easing breathing by stimulating expectoration, eliminating metabolic toxins and excess water from the body via urine and sweat, maintaining proper bladder function, modulating the immune response, and soothing hemorrhoids. In short, the virtues of Mullein derivatives include emollient, antitussive, expectorant, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic, antihemorrhoidal, wound-healing, diaphoretic, and diuretic actions. Externally, they are used for soothingand healing wounds, ulcers, or skin eruptions, calming hemorrhoids, preventing hair loss, and stimulating hair growth.